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-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/Makefile3
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/bits/syscalls.h165
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/clone.S89
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sys/procfs.h115
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall-cris.c41
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall.S52
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.S77
-rw-r--r--libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.h16
8 files changed, 493 insertions, 65 deletions
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/Makefile b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/Makefile
index 398139be5..0955be53c 100644
--- a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/Makefile
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/Makefile
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ASFLAGS=$(CFLAGS)
CRT0=crt0.c
CRT0_OBJ=$(patsubst %.c,%.o, $(CRT0))
-SSRC= setjmp.S __longjmp.S
+SSRC= setjmp.S __longjmp.S clone.S sysdep.S syscall.S
ifeq ($(UNIFIED_SYSCALL),true)
SSRC += __uClibc_syscall.S
endif
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ $(COBJS): %.o : %.c
headers:
@(TOPDIR=$(TOPDIR) CC=$(CC) /bin/sh $(TOPDIR)/extra/scripts/gen_bits_syscall_h.sh > bits/syscall.h )
+# cd $(TOPDIR)/include/sys && ln -fs ../../libc/sysdeps/linux/m68k/reg.h .
clean:
rm -f *.[oa] *~ core
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/bits/syscalls.h b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/bits/syscalls.h
index 5c30e2193..4e9d53e84 100644
--- a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/bits/syscalls.h
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/bits/syscalls.h
@@ -1,10 +1,159 @@
-/*
- * nothing needed here until we want pthread support or similar
- */
+#ifndef _BITS_SYSCALLS_H
+#define _BITS_SYSCALLS_H
-#include <features.h>
-/* Do something very evil for now. Until we include our out syscall
- * macros, short circuit bits/syscall.h and use asm/unistd.h instead */
-#define _BITS_SYSCALL_H
-#include <asm/unistd.h>
+#ifndef _SYSCALL_H
+#error "Never use <bits/syscall.h> directly; include <sys/syscall.h> instead."
+#endif
+/* Include the __NR_<name> definitions. */
+#include <bits/syscall.h>
+
+#if 0
+#ifndef __set_errno
+#define __set_errno(val) (*__errno_location()) = (val)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#undef SYS_ify
+#define SYS_ify(syscall_name) (__NR_##syscall_name)
+
+#ifndef __ASSEMBLER__
+
+#undef _syscall0
+#define _syscall0(type,name) \
+type name(void) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 0)); \
+}
+
+#undef _syscall1
+#define _syscall1(type,name,type1,arg1) \
+type name(type1 arg1) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 1, arg1)); \
+}
+
+#undef _syscall2
+#define _syscall2(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2) \
+type name(type1 arg1,type2 arg2) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 2, arg1, arg2)); \
+}
+
+#undef _syscall3
+#define _syscall3(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3) \
+type name(type1 arg1,type2 arg2,type3 arg3) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 3, arg1, arg2, arg3)); \
+}
+
+#undef _syscall4
+#define _syscall4(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3,type4,arg4) \
+type name (type1 arg1, type2 arg2, type3 arg3, type4 arg4) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 4, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)); \
+}
+
+#undef _syscall5
+#define _syscall5(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,type3,arg3,type4,arg4, \
+ type5,arg5) \
+type name (type1 arg1,type2 arg2,type3 arg3,type4 arg4,type5 arg5) \
+{ \
+return (type) (INLINE_SYSCALL(name, 5, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5)); \
+}
+
+#undef INLINE_SYSCALL
+#define INLINE_SYSCALL(name, nr, args...) \
+ ({ \
+ unsigned long __sys_res; \
+ register unsigned long __res asm ("r10"); \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_##nr (args) \
+ register unsigned long __callno asm ("r9") \
+ = SYS_ify (name); \
+ asm volatile (LOAD_ARGS_asm_##nr (args) \
+ CHECK_ARGS_asm_##nr \
+ "break 13" \
+ : "=r" (__res) \
+ : ASM_ARGS_##nr (args) \
+ : ASM_CLOBBER_##nr); \
+ __sys_res = __res; \
+ \
+ if (__sys_res >= (unsigned long) -4096) \
+ { \
+ __set_errno (- __sys_res); \
+ __sys_res = (unsigned long) -1; \
+ } \
+ __sys_res; \
+ })
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_0()
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_0()
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_0 "memory"
+#define ASM_ARGS_0() "r" (__callno)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_0
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_1(r10) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_0() \
+ register unsigned long __r10 __asm__ ("r10") = (unsigned long) (r10);
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_1(r10) LOAD_ARGS_asm_0 ()
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_1 ASM_CLOBBER_0
+#define ASM_ARGS_1(r10) ASM_ARGS_0 (), "0" (__r10)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_1 \
+ ".ifnc %0,$r10\n\t" \
+ ".err\n\t" \
+ ".endif\n\t"
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_2(r10, r11) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_1(r10) \
+ register unsigned long __r11 __asm__ ("r11") = (unsigned long) (r11);
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_2(r10, r11) LOAD_ARGS_asm_1 (r10)
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_2 ASM_CLOBBER_1
+#define ASM_ARGS_2(r10, r11) ASM_ARGS_1 (r10), "r" (__r11)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_2 \
+ ".ifnc %0-%3,$r10-$r11\n\t" \
+ ".err\n\t" \
+ ".endif\n\t"
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_3(r10, r11, r12) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_2(r10, r11) \
+ register unsigned long __r12 __asm__ ("r12") = (unsigned long) (r12);
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_3(r10, r11, r12) LOAD_ARGS_asm_2 (r10, r11)
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_3 ASM_CLOBBER_2
+#define ASM_ARGS_3(r10, r11, r12) ASM_ARGS_2 (r10, r11), "r" (__r12)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_3 \
+ ".ifnc %0-%3-%4,$r10-$r11-$r12\n\t" \
+ ".err\n\t" \
+ ".endif\n\t"
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_4(r10, r11, r12, r13) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_3(r10, r11, r12) \
+ register unsigned long __r13 __asm__ ("r13") = (unsigned long) (r13);
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_4(r10, r11, r12, r13) LOAD_ARGS_asm_3 (r10, r11, r12)
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_4 ASM_CLOBBER_3
+#define ASM_ARGS_4(r10, r11, r12, r13) ASM_ARGS_3 (r10, r11, r12), "r" (__r13)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_4 \
+ ".ifnc %0-%3-%4-%5,$r10-$r11-$r12-$r13\n\t" \
+ ".err\n\t" \
+ ".endif\n\t"
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_5(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_4(r10, r11, r12, r13)
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_5(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_asm_4 (r10, r11, r12, r13) "move %6,$mof\n\t"
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_5 ASM_CLOBBER_4
+#define ASM_ARGS_5(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof) \
+ ASM_ARGS_4 (r10, r11, r12, r13), "g" (mof)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_5 CHECK_ARGS_asm_4
+
+#define LOAD_ARGS_c_6(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof, srp) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_c_5(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof)
+#define LOAD_ARGS_asm_6(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof, srp) \
+ LOAD_ARGS_asm_5(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof) \
+ "move %7,$srp\n\t"
+#define ASM_CLOBBER_6 ASM_CLOBBER_5, "srp"
+#define ASM_ARGS_6(r10, r11, r12, r13, mof, srp) \
+ ASM_ARGS_5 (r10, r11, r12, r13, mof), "g" (srp)
+#define CHECK_ARGS_asm_6 CHECK_ARGS_asm_5
+
+#endif /* not __ASSEMBLER__ */
+#endif /* _BITS_SYSCALLS_H */
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/clone.S b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/clone.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56ea05c72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/clone.S
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This file is part of the GNU C Library.
+
+ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+ License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ Library General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
+ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not,
+ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+
+#include <asm/errno.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sysdep.h>
+
+/* int clone(int (*fn)(void *arg), void *child_stack, int flags, void *arg); */
+
+ .syntax no_register_prefix
+
+ .text
+ENTRY (__clone)
+ /* Sanity check arguments: No NULL function pointers. Allow a NULL
+ stack pointer though; it makes the kernel allocate stack. */
+ test.d r10
+ beq 1f
+ nop
+
+ /* We need to muck with a few registers. */
+ movem r1,[sp=sp-8]
+
+ /* Save the function pointer and argument. We can't save them
+ onto the new stack since it can be NULL. */
+ move.d r10,r0
+ move.d r13,r1
+
+ /* Move the other arguments into place for the system call. */
+ move.d r11,r10
+ move.d r12,r11
+
+ /* Do the system call. */
+ movu.w SYS_ify (clone),r9
+ break 13
+ test.d r10
+ beq .Lthread_start
+ nop
+
+ /* Jump to error handler if we get (unsigned) -4096 .. 0xffffffff. */
+ cmps.w -4096,r10
+ bhs 0f
+ movem [sp+],r1
+
+ /* In parent, successful return. (Avoid using "ret" - it's a macro.) */
+ Ret
+ nop
+
+.Lthread_start:
+ /* Terminate frame pointers here. */
+ moveq 0,r8
+
+ /* I've told you once. */
+ move.d r1,r10
+ jsr r0
+
+ SETUP_PIC
+ PLTCALL (_exit)
+
+ /* Die horribly. */
+ test.d [6809]
+
+ /* Stop the unstoppable. */
+9:
+ ba 9b
+ nop
+
+/* Local error handler. */
+1:
+ movs.w -EINVAL,r10
+ /* Drop through into the ordinary error handler. */
+PSEUDO_END (__clone)
+
+.globl clone
+ clone = __clone
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sys/procfs.h b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sys/procfs.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..072029bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sys/procfs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This file is part of the GNU C Library.
+
+ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+ License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ Library General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
+ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not,
+ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+
+#ifndef _SYS_PROCFS_H
+#define _SYS_PROCFS_H 1
+
+/* This is somehow modelled after the file of the same name on SysVr4
+ systems. It provides a definition of the core file format for ELF
+ used on Linux. */
+
+#include <features.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/ucontext.h>
+#include <sys/user.h>
+#include <asm/elf.h>
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+struct elf_siginfo
+ {
+ int si_signo; /* Signal number. */
+ int si_code; /* Extra code. */
+ int si_errno; /* Errno. */
+ };
+
+/* Definitions to generate Intel SVR4-like core files. These mostly
+ have the same names as the SVR4 types with "elf_" tacked on the
+ front to prevent clashes with linux definitions, and the typedef
+ forms have been avoided. This is mostly like the SVR4 structure,
+ but more Linuxy, with things that Linux does not support and which
+ gdb doesn't really use excluded. Fields present but not used are
+ marked with "XXX". */
+struct elf_prstatus
+ {
+#if 0
+ long int pr_flags; /* XXX Process flags. */
+ short int pr_why; /* XXX Reason for process halt. */
+ short int pr_what; /* XXX More detailed reason. */
+#endif
+ struct elf_siginfo pr_info; /* Info associated with signal. */
+ short int pr_cursig; /* Current signal. */
+ unsigned long int pr_sigpend; /* Set of pending signals. */
+ unsigned long int pr_sighold; /* Set of held signals. */
+#if 0
+ struct sigaltstack pr_altstack; /* Alternate stack info. */
+ struct sigaction pr_action; /* Signal action for current sig. */
+#endif
+ __pid_t pr_pid;
+ __pid_t pr_ppid;
+ __pid_t pr_pgrp;
+ __pid_t pr_sid;
+ struct timeval pr_utime; /* User time. */
+ struct timeval pr_stime; /* System time. */
+ struct timeval pr_cutime; /* Cumulative user time. */
+ struct timeval pr_cstime; /* Cumulative system time. */
+#if 0
+ long int pr_instr; /* Current instruction. */
+#endif
+ elf_gregset_t pr_reg; /* GP registers. */
+ int pr_fpvalid; /* True if math copro being used. */
+ };
+
+
+#define ELF_PRARGSZ (80) /* Number of chars for args */
+
+struct elf_prpsinfo
+ {
+ char pr_state; /* Numeric process state. */
+ char pr_sname; /* Char for pr_state. */
+ char pr_zomb; /* Zombie. */
+ char pr_nice; /* Nice val. */
+ unsigned long int pr_flag; /* Flags. */
+ unsigned short int pr_uid;
+ unsigned short int pr_gid;
+ int pr_pid, pr_ppid, pr_pgrp, pr_sid;
+ /* Lots missing */
+ char pr_fname[16]; /* Filename of executable. */
+ char pr_psargs[ELF_PRARGSZ]; /* Initial part of arg list. */
+ };
+
+/* Addresses. */
+typedef void *psaddr_t;
+
+/* Register sets. Linux has different names. */
+typedef gregset_t prgregset_t;
+typedef fpregset_t prfpregset_t;
+
+/* We don't have any differences between processes and threads,
+ therefore habe only ine PID type. */
+typedef __pid_t lwpid_t;
+
+
+typedef struct elf_prstatus prstatus_t;
+typedef struct elf_prpsinfo prpsinfo_t;
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+#endif /* sys/procfs.h */
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall-cris.c b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall-cris.c
deleted file mode 100644
index fa923ec9d..000000000
--- a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall-cris.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-/* syscall.c - generalized linux system call interface */
-
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <syscall.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-
-/* perform a Linux/CRIS system call with variable number of arguments
- * put them and the syscall number in the right registers and call
- * break 13.
- */
-
-int
-syscall(int number, ...)
-{
- register long __a __asm__ ("r10");
- register long __b __asm__ ("r11");
- register long __c __asm__ ("r12");
- register long __d __asm__ ("r13");
- register long __e __asm__ ("r0");
- va_list args;
-
- va_start(args, number);
- __a = va_arg(args, int);
- __b = va_arg(args, int);
- __c = va_arg(args, int);
- __d = va_arg(args, int);
- __e = va_arg(args, int);
- va_end(args);
-
- __asm__ volatile ("movu.w %1,$r9\n\tbreak 13\n\t"
- : "=r" (__a)
- : "g" (number), "0" (__a), "r" (__b), "r" (__c), "r" (__d),
- "r" (__e)
- : "r10", "r9");
-
- if (__a >= 0)
- return __a;
-
- errno = -__a;
- return -1;
-}
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall.S b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall.S
index d52a6ba05..eb5cdcccf 100644
--- a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall.S
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/syscall.S
@@ -1,18 +1,40 @@
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
-
- .globl __syscall_error
-__syscall_error:
-
- neg.d $r10,$r10
+/* Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This file is part of the GNU C Library.
- push $r10
- push $srp
- jsr __errno_location
- pop $srp
- pop $r11
- move.d $r11,[$r10]
+ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+ License, or (at your option) any later version.
- moveq -1, $r10
- ret
- nop
+ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ Library General Public License for more details.
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
+ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not,
+ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+
+#include <sysdep.h>
+
+ .syntax no_register_prefix
+
+/* Make syscall (callno, ...) into a system call. */
+
+ENTRY (syscall)
+ move.d r10,r9
+ move.d r11,r10
+ move.d r12,r11
+ move.d r13,r12
+ move.d [sp],r13
+ move srp,[sp]
+ move [sp+4],mof
+ move [sp+8],srp
+ break 13
+ cmps.w -4096,r10
+ bhs 0f
+ move [sp],srp
+ Ret
+ nop
+PSEUDO_END (syscall)
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.S b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f027119dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.S
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/* Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This file is part of the GNU C Library.
+
+ The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
+ published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+ License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ Library General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
+ License along with the GNU C Library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If not,
+ write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+ Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
+
+#include <sysdep.h>
+
+/* Make space for the errno variable. */
+
+ .globl C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno)
+ .type C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno),@object
+ .lcomm C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno),4
+
+ errno = _errno
+
+ /* weak_alias (errno, _errno) */
+
+
+/* The syscall stubs jump here when they detect an error, bot for PIC and
+ non-PIC. */
+
+ .syntax no_register_prefix
+
+ENTRY (__syscall_error)
+ neg.d r10,r10
+
+#ifdef _LIBC_REENTRANT
+ push r10
+ push srp
+
+ /* Note that __syscall_error is only visible within this library,
+ and no-one passes it on as a pointer, so can assume that R0 (GOT
+ pointer) is correctly set up. */
+ PLTCALL (__errno_location)
+
+ pop srp
+ pop r11
+ move.d r11,[r10]
+
+#else /* not _LIBC_REENTRANT */
+# ifdef __PIC__
+ move.d [r0+C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno:GOT)],r9
+ move.d r10,[r9]
+# else
+ move.d r10,[C_SYMBOL_NAME(errno)]
+# endif
+#endif /* _LIBC_REENTRANT */
+
+#ifdef __PIC__
+/* PIC callers are supposed to have R0 on stack, ready for us to restore.
+ Callers are only allowed from within this DSO, so the GOT in r0 is the
+ one we want to use.
+
+ (Don't use "ret" - it's a macro). */
+
+ moveq -1,r10
+ Ret
+ pop r0
+#else
+ Ret
+ moveq -1,r10
+#endif
+
+END (__syscall_error)
diff --git a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.h b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.h
index e01752ae9..2068557c5 100644
--- a/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.h
+++ b/libc/sysdeps/linux/cris/sysdep.h
@@ -91,6 +91,22 @@
#define END(name) \
ASM_SIZE_DIRECTIVE (C_SYMBOL_NAME (name))
+#define PSEUDO(name, syscall_name, args) \
+ ENTRY (name) @ \
+ DOARGS_##args @ \
+ movu.w SYS_ify (syscall_name),$r9 @ \
+ break 13 @ \
+ cmps.w -4096,$r10 @ \
+ bhs 0f @ \
+ nop @ \
+ UNDOARGS_return_##args
+
+#define PSEUDO_END(name) \
+0: @ \
+ SETUP_PIC @ \
+ PLTJUMP (syscall_error) @ \
+ END (name)
+
/* If compiled for profiling, call `mcount' at the start of each function.
FIXME: Note that profiling is not actually implemented. This is just
example code which might not even compile, though it is believed to be