diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/archures.c binutils-2.24/bfd/archures.c --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/archures.c 2013-11-08 11:02:26.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/archures.c 2024-05-17 16:15:38.911343345 +0200 @@ -316,6 +316,12 @@ .#define bfd_mach_arm_ep9312 11 .#define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt 12 .#define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt2 13 +. bfd_arch_nds32, {* Andes NDS32 *} +.#define bfd_mach_n1 1 +.#define bfd_mach_n1h 2 +.#define bfd_mach_n1h_v2 3 +.#define bfd_mach_n1h_v3 4 +.#define bfd_mach_n1h_v3m 5 . bfd_arch_ns32k, {* National Semiconductors ns32000 *} . bfd_arch_w65, {* WDC 65816 *} . bfd_arch_tic30, {* Texas Instruments TMS320C30 *} @@ -574,6 +580,7 @@ extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_moxie_arch; extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_msp430_arch; extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_mt_arch; +extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_nds32_arch; extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_nios2_arch; extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_ns32k_arch; extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_openrisc_arch; @@ -663,6 +670,7 @@ &bfd_moxie_arch, &bfd_msp430_arch, &bfd_mt_arch, + &bfd_nds32_arch, &bfd_nios2_arch, &bfd_ns32k_arch, &bfd_openrisc_arch, diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd.c binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd.c --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd.c 2013-11-04 16:33:37.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd.c 2024-05-17 16:15:38.923343593 +0200 @@ -311,6 +311,14 @@ . unsigned int selective_search : 1; .}; . +.{* See note beside bfd_set_section_userdata. *} +.static inline bfd_boolean +.bfd_set_cacheable (bfd * abfd, bfd_boolean val) +.{ +. abfd->cacheable = val; +. return TRUE; +.} +. */ #include "sysdep.h" diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd-in2.h binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd-in2.h --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd-in2.h 2013-11-18 09:40:15.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd-in2.h 2024-05-17 16:15:38.919343510 +0200 @@ -299,9 +299,6 @@ #define bfd_is_com_section(ptr) (((ptr)->flags & SEC_IS_COMMON) != 0) -#define bfd_set_section_vma(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->vma = (ptr)->lma = (val)), ((ptr)->user_set_vma = TRUE), TRUE) -#define bfd_set_section_alignment(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->alignment_power = (val)),TRUE) -#define bfd_set_section_userdata(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->userdata = (val)),TRUE) /* Find the address one past the end of SEC. */ #define bfd_get_section_limit(bfd, sec) \ (((bfd)->direction != write_direction && (sec)->rawsize != 0 \ @@ -524,8 +521,6 @@ #define bfd_get_symbol_leading_char(abfd) ((abfd)->xvec->symbol_leading_char) -#define bfd_set_cacheable(abfd,bool) (((abfd)->cacheable = bool), TRUE) - extern bfd_boolean bfd_cache_close (bfd *abfd); /* NB: This declaration should match the autogenerated one in libbfd.h. */ @@ -1594,6 +1589,32 @@ int size; }; +/* Note: the following are provided as inline functions rather than macros + because not all callers use the return value. A macro implementation + would use a comma expression, eg: "((ptr)->foo = val, TRUE)" and some + compilers will complain about comma expressions that have no effect. */ +static inline bfd_boolean +bfd_set_section_userdata (bfd * abfd ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, asection * ptr, void * val) +{ + ptr->userdata = val; + return TRUE; +} + +static inline bfd_boolean +bfd_set_section_vma (bfd * abfd ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, asection * ptr, bfd_vma val) +{ + ptr->vma = ptr->lma = val; + ptr->user_set_vma = TRUE; + return TRUE; +} + +static inline bfd_boolean +bfd_set_section_alignment (bfd * abfd ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, asection * ptr, unsigned int val) +{ + ptr->alignment_power = val; + return TRUE; +} + /* These sections are global, and are managed by BFD. The application and target back end are not permitted to change the values in these sections. */ @@ -2071,6 +2092,12 @@ #define bfd_mach_arm_ep9312 11 #define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt 12 #define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt2 13 + bfd_arch_nds32, /* Andes NDS32 */ +#define bfd_mach_n1 1 +#define bfd_mach_n1h 2 +#define bfd_mach_n1h_v2 3 +#define bfd_mach_n1h_v3 4 +#define bfd_mach_n1h_v3m 5 bfd_arch_ns32k, /* National Semiconductors ns32000 */ bfd_arch_w65, /* WDC 65816 */ bfd_arch_tic30, /* Texas Instruments TMS320C30 */ @@ -3794,6 +3821,229 @@ BFD_RELOC_M32R_GOTPC_HI_SLO, BFD_RELOC_M32R_GOTPC_LO, +/* NDS32 relocs. +This is a 20 bit absolute address. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_20, + +/* This is a 9-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_9_PCREL, + +/* This is a 9-bit pc-relative reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_WORD_9_PCREL, + +/* This is an 15-bit reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_15_PCREL, + +/* This is an 17-bit reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_17_PCREL, + +/* This is a 25-bit reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_25_PCREL, + +/* This is a 20-bit reloc containing the high 20 bits of an address +used with the lower 12 bits */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_HI20, + +/* This is a 12-bit reloc containing the lower 12 bits of an address +then shift right by 3. This is used with ldi,sdi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S3, + +/* This is a 12-bit reloc containing the lower 12 bits of an address +then shift left by 2. This is used with lwi,swi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S2, + +/* This is a 12-bit reloc containing the lower 12 bits of an address +then shift left by 1. This is used with lhi,shi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S1, + +/* This is a 12-bit reloc containing the lower 12 bits of an address +then shift left by 0. This is used with lbisbi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S0, + +/* This is a 12-bit reloc containing the lower 12 bits of an address +then shift left by 0. This is only used with branch relaxations */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S0_ORI, + +/* This is a 15-bit reloc containing the small data area 18-bit signed offset +and shift left by 3 for use in ldi, sdi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA15S3, + +/* This is a 15-bit reloc containing the small data area 17-bit signed offset +and shift left by 2 for use in lwi, swi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA15S2, + +/* This is a 15-bit reloc containing the small data area 16-bit signed offset +and shift left by 1 for use in lhi, shi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA15S1, + +/* This is a 15-bit reloc containing the small data area 15-bit signed offset +and shift left by 0 for use in lbi, sbi... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA15S0, + +/* This is a 16-bit reloc containing the small data area 16-bit signed offset +and shift left by 3 */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA16S3, + +/* This is a 17-bit reloc containing the small data area 17-bit signed offset +and shift left by 2 for use in lwi.gp, swi.gp... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA17S2, + +/* This is a 18-bit reloc containing the small data area 18-bit signed offset +and shift left by 1 for use in lhi.gp, shi.gp... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA18S1, + +/* This is a 19-bit reloc containing the small data area 19-bit signed offset +and shift left by 0 for use in lbi.gp, sbi.gp... */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA19S0, + +/* This is a 24-bit reloc for security check sum. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SECURITY_16, + +/* for PIC */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_9_PLTREL, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_25_PLTREL, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_COPY, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GLOB_DAT, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_JMP_SLOT, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_RELATIVE, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTPC20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTPC_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTPC_LO12, + +/* for relax */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_INSN16, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LABEL, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL1, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL3, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP1, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP3, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LOADSTORE, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_9_FIXED, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_15_FIXED, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_17_FIXED, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_25_FIXED, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL4, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL5, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGCALL6, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP4, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP5, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP6, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LONGJUMP7, + +/* for PIC */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLTREL_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLTREL_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOTREL_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOTREL_LO12, + +/* for floating point */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA12S2_DP, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA12S2_SP, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S2_DP, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_LO12S2_SP, + +/* for dwarf2 debug_line. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DWARF2_OP1, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DWARF2_OP2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DWARF2_LEB, + +/* for eliminate 16-bit instructions */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_UPDATE_TA, + +/* for PIC object relaxation */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOTREL_LO20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOTREL_LO15, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOTREL_LO19, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT_LO15, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT_LO19, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF_LO15, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF_LO19, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT15S2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT17S2, + +/* NDS32 relocs. +This is a 5 bit absolute address. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_5, + +/* This is a 10-bit unsigned pc-relative reloc with the right 1 bit assumed to be 0. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_10_UPCREL, + +/* If fp were omitted, fp can used as another gp. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SDA_FP7U2_RELA, + +/* relaxation relative relocation types */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_RELAX_ENTRY, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOT_SUFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTOFF_SUFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLT_GOT_SUFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_MULCALL_SUFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PTR, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PTR_COUNT, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PTR_RESOLVED, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_PLTBLOCK, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_RELAX_REGION_BEGIN, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_RELAX_REGION_END, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_MINUEND, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_SUBTRAHEND, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DIFF8, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DIFF16, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DIFF32, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DIFF_ULEB128, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_EMPTY, + +/* This is a 25 bit absolute address. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_25_ABS, + +/* For ex9 and ifc using. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_DATA, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TRAN, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_17IFC_PCREL, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_10IFCU_PCREL, + +/* For TLS. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TPOFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GOTTPOFF, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_15S0, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_15S1, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_15S2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_ADD, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_LE_LS, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IE_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IE_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IE_LO12S2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IEGP_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IEGP_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IEGP_LO12S2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_IEGP_LW, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_SDA17S2, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_ADD, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_FUNC, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_CALL, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_TLS_DESC_MEM, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_REMOVE, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_GROUP, + +/* Jump-patch table relative relocations. */ + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_ICT, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_ICT_HI20, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_ICT_LO12, + BFD_RELOC_NDS32_ICT_25PC, + /* This is a 9-bit reloc */ BFD_RELOC_V850_9_PCREL, @@ -6235,6 +6485,14 @@ unsigned int selective_search : 1; }; +/* See note beside bfd_set_section_userdata. */ +static inline bfd_boolean +bfd_set_cacheable (bfd * abfd, bfd_boolean val) +{ + abfd->cacheable = val; + return TRUE; +} + typedef enum bfd_error { bfd_error_no_error = 0, diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd-in.h binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd-in.h --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/bfd-in.h 2013-11-04 16:33:37.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/bfd-in.h 2024-05-17 16:15:38.915343427 +0200 @@ -292,9 +292,6 @@ #define bfd_is_com_section(ptr) (((ptr)->flags & SEC_IS_COMMON) != 0) -#define bfd_set_section_vma(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->vma = (ptr)->lma = (val)), ((ptr)->user_set_vma = TRUE), TRUE) -#define bfd_set_section_alignment(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->alignment_power = (val)),TRUE) -#define bfd_set_section_userdata(bfd, ptr, val) (((ptr)->userdata = (val)),TRUE) /* Find the address one past the end of SEC. */ #define bfd_get_section_limit(bfd, sec) \ (((bfd)->direction != write_direction && (sec)->rawsize != 0 \ @@ -517,8 +514,6 @@ #define bfd_get_symbol_leading_char(abfd) ((abfd)->xvec->symbol_leading_char) -#define bfd_set_cacheable(abfd,bool) (((abfd)->cacheable = bool), TRUE) - extern bfd_boolean bfd_cache_close (bfd *abfd); /* NB: This declaration should match the autogenerated one in libbfd.h. */ diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/config.bfd binutils-2.24/bfd/config.bfd --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/config.bfd 2013-11-04 16:33:37.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/config.bfd 2024-05-17 16:15:38.923343593 +0200 @@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. -# +# # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. -# +# # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program; see the file COPYING3. If not see # . @@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ m88*) targ_archs=bfd_m88k_arch ;; microblaze*) targ_archs=bfd_microblaze_arch ;; mips*) targ_archs=bfd_mips_arch ;; +nds32*) targ_archs=bfd_nds32_arch ;; nios2*) targ_archs=bfd_nios2_arch ;; or32*) targ_archs=bfd_or32_arch ;; pdp11*) targ_archs=bfd_pdp11_arch ;; @@ -1120,6 +1121,28 @@ targ_selvecs=bfd_elf32_msp430_ti_vec ;; + nds32*le-*-linux*) + targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_nds32lelin_vec + targ_selvecs=bfd_elf32_nds32belin_vec + targ_cflags=-DNDS32_LINUX_TOOLCHAIN + ;; + + nds32*be-*-linux*) + targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_nds32belin_vec + targ_selvecs=bfd_elf32_nds32lelin_vec + targ_cflags=-DNDS32_LINUX_TOOLCHAIN + ;; + + nds32*le-*-*) + targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_nds32le_vec + targ_selvecs=bfd_elf32_nds32be_vec + ;; + + nds32*be-*-*) + targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_nds32be_vec + targ_selvecs=bfd_elf32_nds32le_vec + ;; + ns32k-pc532-mach* | ns32k-pc532-ux*) targ_defvec=pc532machaout_vec targ_underscore=yes @@ -1640,12 +1663,12 @@ w65-*-*) targ_defvec=w65_vec ;; - + xgate-*-*) targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_xgate_vec targ_selvecs="bfd_elf32_xgate_vec" ;; - + xstormy16-*-elf) targ_defvec=bfd_elf32_xstormy16_vec ;; diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/configure binutils-2.24/bfd/configure --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/configure 2013-12-02 10:30:30.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/configure 2024-05-17 16:15:38.939343923 +0200 @@ -15307,6 +15307,10 @@ tb="$tb elfn32-mips.lo elfxx-mips.lo elf-vxworks.lo elf32.lo $elf ecofflink.lo"; target_size=64 ;; bfd_elf32_ntradlittlemips_vec | bfd_elf32_ntradlittlemips_freebsd_vec) tb="$tb elfn32-mips.lo elfxx-mips.lo elf-vxworks.lo elf32.lo $elf ecofflink.lo"; target_size=64 ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32le_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32be_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32lelin_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32belin_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_openrisc_vec) tb="$tb elf32-openrisc.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_or32_big_vec) tb="$tb elf32-or32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_pj_vec) tb="$tb elf32-pj.lo elf32.lo $elf";; diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/configure.in binutils-2.24/bfd/configure.in --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/configure.in 2013-12-02 10:30:28.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/configure.in 2024-05-17 16:15:38.939343923 +0200 @@ -796,6 +796,10 @@ tb="$tb elfn32-mips.lo elfxx-mips.lo elf-vxworks.lo elf32.lo $elf ecofflink.lo"; target_size=64 ;; bfd_elf32_ntradlittlemips_vec | bfd_elf32_ntradlittlemips_freebsd_vec) tb="$tb elfn32-mips.lo elfxx-mips.lo elf-vxworks.lo elf32.lo $elf ecofflink.lo"; target_size=64 ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32be_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32le_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32belin_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; + bfd_elf32_nds32lelin_vec) tb="$tb elf32-nds32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_openrisc_vec) tb="$tb elf32-openrisc.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_or32_big_vec) tb="$tb elf32-or32.lo elf32.lo $elf" ;; bfd_elf32_pj_vec) tb="$tb elf32-pj.lo elf32.lo $elf";; diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/cpu-nds32.c binutils-2.24/bfd/cpu-nds32.c --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/cpu-nds32.c 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/cpu-nds32.c 2024-05-17 16:15:38.939343923 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +/* BFD support for the NDS32 processor + Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Contributed by Andes Technology Corporation. + + This file is part of BFD, the Binary File Descriptor library. + + This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or + (at your option) any later version. + + This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + GNU General Public License for more details. + + You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA + 02110-1301, USA. */ + +#include "sysdep.h" +#include "bfd.h" +#include "libbfd.h" +#include "elf-bfd.h" + +#define N(number, print, default, next) \ + {32, 32, 8, bfd_arch_nds32, number, "nds32", print, 4, default, \ + bfd_default_compatible, bfd_default_scan, bfd_arch_default_fill, next } + +#define NEXT &arch_info_struct[0] +#define NDS32V2_NEXT &arch_info_struct[1] +#define NDS32V3_NEXT &arch_info_struct[2] +#define NDS32V3M_NEXT &arch_info_struct[3] + +static const bfd_arch_info_type arch_info_struct[] = { + N (bfd_mach_n1h, "n1h", FALSE, NDS32V2_NEXT), + N (bfd_mach_n1h_v2, "n1h_v2", FALSE, NDS32V3_NEXT), + N (bfd_mach_n1h_v3, "n1h_v3", FALSE, NDS32V3M_NEXT), + N (bfd_mach_n1h_v3m, "n1h_v3m", FALSE, NULL), +}; + +const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_nds32_arch = + N (bfd_mach_n1, "n1h", TRUE, NEXT); diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/aoutx.texi binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/aoutx.texi --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/aoutx.texi 2013-11-18 09:49:27.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/aoutx.texi 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,213 +0,0 @@ -@section a.out backends - - -@strong{Description}@* -BFD supports a number of different flavours of a.out format, -though the major differences are only the sizes of the -structures on disk, and the shape of the relocation -information. - -The support is split into a basic support file @file{aoutx.h} -and other files which derive functions from the base. One -derivation file is @file{aoutf1.h} (for a.out flavour 1), and -adds to the basic a.out functions support for sun3, sun4, 386 -and 29k a.out files, to create a target jump vector for a -specific target. - -This information is further split out into more specific files -for each machine, including @file{sunos.c} for sun3 and sun4, -@file{newsos3.c} for the Sony NEWS, and @file{demo64.c} for a -demonstration of a 64 bit a.out format. - -The base file @file{aoutx.h} defines general mechanisms for -reading and writing records to and from disk and various -other methods which BFD requires. It is included by -@file{aout32.c} and @file{aout64.c} to form the names -@code{aout_32_swap_exec_header_in}, @code{aout_64_swap_exec_header_in}, etc. - -As an example, this is what goes on to make the back end for a -sun4, from @file{aout32.c}: - -@example - #define ARCH_SIZE 32 - #include "aoutx.h" -@end example - -Which exports names: - -@example - ... - aout_32_canonicalize_reloc - aout_32_find_nearest_line - aout_32_get_lineno - aout_32_get_reloc_upper_bound - ... -@end example - -from @file{sunos.c}: - -@example - #define TARGET_NAME "a.out-sunos-big" - #define VECNAME sunos_big_vec - #include "aoutf1.h" -@end example - -requires all the names from @file{aout32.c}, and produces the jump vector - -@example - sunos_big_vec -@end example - -The file @file{host-aout.c} is a special case. It is for a large set -of hosts that use ``more or less standard'' a.out files, and -for which cross-debugging is not interesting. It uses the -standard 32-bit a.out support routines, but determines the -file offsets and addresses of the text, data, and BSS -sections, the machine architecture and machine type, and the -entry point address, in a host-dependent manner. Once these -values have been determined, generic code is used to handle -the object file. - -When porting it to run on a new system, you must supply: - -@example - HOST_PAGE_SIZE - HOST_SEGMENT_SIZE - HOST_MACHINE_ARCH (optional) - HOST_MACHINE_MACHINE (optional) - HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR - HOST_STACK_END_ADDR -@end example - -in the file @file{../include/sys/h-@var{XXX}.h} (for your host). These -values, plus the structures and macros defined in @file{a.out.h} on -your host system, will produce a BFD target that will access -ordinary a.out files on your host. To configure a new machine -to use @file{host-aout.c}, specify: - -@example - TDEFAULTS = -DDEFAULT_VECTOR=host_aout_big_vec - TDEPFILES= host-aout.o trad-core.o -@end example - -in the @file{config/@var{XXX}.mt} file, and modify @file{configure.in} -to use the -@file{@var{XXX}.mt} file (by setting "@code{bfd_target=XXX}") when your -configuration is selected. - -@subsection Relocations - - -@strong{Description}@* -The file @file{aoutx.h} provides for both the @emph{standard} -and @emph{extended} forms of a.out relocation records. - -The standard records contain only an -address, a symbol index, and a type field. The extended records -(used on 29ks and sparcs) also have a full integer for an -addend. - -@subsection Internal entry points - - -@strong{Description}@* -@file{aoutx.h} exports several routines for accessing the -contents of an a.out file, which are gathered and exported in -turn by various format specific files (eg sunos.c). - -@findex aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_in -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_in} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -void aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_in, - (bfd *abfd, - struct external_exec *bytes, - struct internal_exec *execp); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Swap the information in an executable header @var{raw_bytes} taken -from a raw byte stream memory image into the internal exec header -structure @var{execp}. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_out -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_out} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -void aout_@var{size}_swap_exec_header_out - (bfd *abfd, - struct internal_exec *execp, - struct external_exec *raw_bytes); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Swap the information in an internal exec header structure -@var{execp} into the buffer @var{raw_bytes} ready for writing to disk. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_some_aout_object_p -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_some_aout_object_p} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_target *aout_@var{size}_some_aout_object_p - (bfd *abfd, - struct internal_exec *execp, - const bfd_target *(*callback_to_real_object_p) (bfd *)); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Some a.out variant thinks that the file open in @var{abfd} -checking is an a.out file. Do some more checking, and set up -for access if it really is. Call back to the calling -environment's "finish up" function just before returning, to -handle any last-minute setup. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_mkobject -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_mkobject} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean aout_@var{size}_mkobject, (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Initialize BFD @var{abfd} for use with a.out files. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_machine_type -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_machine_type} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -enum machine_type aout_@var{size}_machine_type - (enum bfd_architecture arch, - unsigned long machine, - bfd_boolean *unknown); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Keep track of machine architecture and machine type for -a.out's. Return the @code{machine_type} for a particular -architecture and machine, or @code{M_UNKNOWN} if that exact architecture -and machine can't be represented in a.out format. - -If the architecture is understood, machine type 0 (default) -is always understood. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_set_arch_mach -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_set_arch_mach} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean aout_@var{size}_set_arch_mach, - (bfd *, - enum bfd_architecture arch, - unsigned long machine); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Set the architecture and the machine of the BFD @var{abfd} to the -values @var{arch} and @var{machine}. Verify that @var{abfd}'s format -can support the architecture required. - -@findex aout_@var{size}_new_section_hook -@subsubsection @code{aout_@var{size}_new_section_hook} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean aout_@var{size}_new_section_hook, - (bfd *abfd, - asection *newsect); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Called by the BFD in response to a @code{bfd_make_section} -request. - diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/archive.texi binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/archive.texi --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/archive.texi 2013-11-18 09:49:27.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/archive.texi 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -@section Archives - - -@strong{Description}@* -An archive (or library) is just another BFD. It has a symbol -table, although there's not much a user program will do with it. - -The big difference between an archive BFD and an ordinary BFD -is that the archive doesn't have sections. Instead it has a -chain of BFDs that are considered its contents. These BFDs can -be manipulated like any other. The BFDs contained in an -archive opened for reading will all be opened for reading. You -may put either input or output BFDs into an archive opened for -output; they will be handled correctly when the archive is closed. - -Use @code{bfd_openr_next_archived_file} to step through -the contents of an archive opened for input. You don't -have to read the entire archive if you don't want -to! Read it until you find what you want. - -A BFD returned by @code{bfd_openr_next_archived_file} can be -closed manually with @code{bfd_close}. If you do not close it, -then a second iteration through the members of an archive may -return the same BFD. If you close the archive BFD, then all -the member BFDs will automatically be closed as well. - -Archive contents of output BFDs are chained through the -@code{archive_next} pointer in a BFD. The first one is findable -through the @code{archive_head} slot of the archive. Set it with -@code{bfd_set_archive_head} (q.v.). A given BFD may be in only -one open output archive at a time. - -As expected, the BFD archive code is more general than the -archive code of any given environment. BFD archives may -contain files of different formats (e.g., a.out and coff) and -even different architectures. You may even place archives -recursively into archives! - -This can cause unexpected confusion, since some archive -formats are more expressive than others. For instance, Intel -COFF archives can preserve long filenames; SunOS a.out archives -cannot. If you move a file from the first to the second -format and back again, the filename may be truncated. -Likewise, different a.out environments have different -conventions as to how they truncate filenames, whether they -preserve directory names in filenames, etc. When -interoperating with native tools, be sure your files are -homogeneous. - -Beware: most of these formats do not react well to the -presence of spaces in filenames. We do the best we can, but -can't always handle this case due to restrictions in the format of -archives. Many Unix utilities are braindead in regards to -spaces and such in filenames anyway, so this shouldn't be much -of a restriction. - -Archives are supported in BFD in @code{archive.c}. - -@subsection Archive functions - - -@findex bfd_get_next_mapent -@subsubsection @code{bfd_get_next_mapent} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -symindex bfd_get_next_mapent - (bfd *abfd, symindex previous, carsym **sym); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Step through archive @var{abfd}'s symbol table (if it -has one). Successively update @var{sym} with the next symbol's -information, returning that symbol's (internal) index into the -symbol table. - -Supply @code{BFD_NO_MORE_SYMBOLS} as the @var{previous} entry to get -the first one; returns @code{BFD_NO_MORE_SYMBOLS} when you've already -got the last one. - -A @code{carsym} is a canonical archive symbol. The only -user-visible element is its name, a null-terminated string. - -@findex bfd_set_archive_head -@subsubsection @code{bfd_set_archive_head} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean bfd_set_archive_head (bfd *output, bfd *new_head); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Set the head of the chain of -BFDs contained in the archive @var{output} to @var{new_head}. - -@findex bfd_openr_next_archived_file -@subsubsection @code{bfd_openr_next_archived_file} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd *bfd_openr_next_archived_file (bfd *archive, bfd *previous); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Provided a BFD, @var{archive}, containing an archive and NULL, open -an input BFD on the first contained element and returns that. -Subsequent calls should pass -the archive and the previous return value to return a created -BFD to the next contained element. NULL is returned when there -are no more. - diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/archures.texi binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/archures.texi --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/archures.texi 2013-11-18 09:49:27.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/archures.texi 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,706 +0,0 @@ -@section Architectures -BFD keeps one atom in a BFD describing the -architecture of the data attached to the BFD: a pointer to a -@code{bfd_arch_info_type}. - -Pointers to structures can be requested independently of a BFD -so that an architecture's information can be interrogated -without access to an open BFD. - -The architecture information is provided by each architecture package. -The set of default architectures is selected by the macro -@code{SELECT_ARCHITECTURES}. This is normally set up in the -@file{config/@var{target}.mt} file of your choice. If the name is not -defined, then all the architectures supported are included. - -When BFD starts up, all the architectures are called with an -initialize method. It is up to the architecture back end to -insert as many items into the list of architectures as it wants to; -generally this would be one for each machine and one for the -default case (an item with a machine field of 0). - -BFD's idea of an architecture is implemented in @file{archures.c}. - -@subsection bfd_architecture - - -@strong{Description}@* -This enum gives the object file's CPU architecture, in a -global sense---i.e., what processor family does it belong to? -Another field indicates which processor within -the family is in use. The machine gives a number which -distinguishes different versions of the architecture, -containing, for example, 2 and 3 for Intel i960 KA and i960 KB, -and 68020 and 68030 for Motorola 68020 and 68030. -@example -enum bfd_architecture -@{ - bfd_arch_unknown, /* File arch not known. */ - bfd_arch_obscure, /* Arch known, not one of these. */ - bfd_arch_m68k, /* Motorola 68xxx */ -#define bfd_mach_m68000 1 -#define bfd_mach_m68008 2 -#define bfd_mach_m68010 3 -#define bfd_mach_m68020 4 -#define bfd_mach_m68030 5 -#define bfd_mach_m68040 6 -#define bfd_mach_m68060 7 -#define bfd_mach_cpu32 8 -#define bfd_mach_fido 9 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_a_nodiv 10 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_a 11 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_a_mac 12 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_a_emac 13 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_aplus 14 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_aplus_mac 15 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_aplus_emac 16 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_nousp 17 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_nousp_mac 18 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_nousp_emac 19 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b 20 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_mac 21 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_emac 22 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_float 23 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_float_mac 24 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_b_float_emac 25 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c 26 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c_mac 27 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c_emac 28 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c_nodiv 29 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c_nodiv_mac 30 -#define bfd_mach_mcf_isa_c_nodiv_emac 31 - bfd_arch_vax, /* DEC Vax */ - bfd_arch_i960, /* Intel 960 */ - /* The order of the following is important. - lower number indicates a machine type that - only accepts a subset of the instructions - available to machines with higher numbers. - The exception is the "ca", which is - incompatible with all other machines except - "core". */ - -#define bfd_mach_i960_core 1 -#define bfd_mach_i960_ka_sa 2 -#define bfd_mach_i960_kb_sb 3 -#define bfd_mach_i960_mc 4 -#define bfd_mach_i960_xa 5 -#define bfd_mach_i960_ca 6 -#define bfd_mach_i960_jx 7 -#define bfd_mach_i960_hx 8 - - bfd_arch_or32, /* OpenRISC 32 */ - - bfd_arch_sparc, /* SPARC */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc 1 -/* The difference between v8plus and v9 is that v9 is a true 64 bit env. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclet 2 -#define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite 3 -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plus 4 -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plusa 5 /* with ultrasparc add'ns. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite_le 6 -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v9 7 -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v9a 8 /* with ultrasparc add'ns. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v8plusb 9 /* with cheetah add'ns. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v9b 10 /* with cheetah add'ns. */ -/* Nonzero if MACH has the v9 instruction set. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_v9_p(mach) \ - ((mach) >= bfd_mach_sparc_v8plus && (mach) <= bfd_mach_sparc_v9b \ - && (mach) != bfd_mach_sparc_sparclite_le) -/* Nonzero if MACH is a 64 bit sparc architecture. */ -#define bfd_mach_sparc_64bit_p(mach) \ - ((mach) >= bfd_mach_sparc_v9 && (mach) != bfd_mach_sparc_v8plusb) - bfd_arch_spu, /* PowerPC SPU */ -#define bfd_mach_spu 256 - bfd_arch_mips, /* MIPS Rxxxx */ -#define bfd_mach_mips3000 3000 -#define bfd_mach_mips3900 3900 -#define bfd_mach_mips4000 4000 -#define bfd_mach_mips4010 4010 -#define bfd_mach_mips4100 4100 -#define bfd_mach_mips4111 4111 -#define bfd_mach_mips4120 4120 -#define bfd_mach_mips4300 4300 -#define bfd_mach_mips4400 4400 -#define bfd_mach_mips4600 4600 -#define bfd_mach_mips4650 4650 -#define bfd_mach_mips5000 5000 -#define bfd_mach_mips5400 5400 -#define bfd_mach_mips5500 5500 -#define bfd_mach_mips5900 5900 -#define bfd_mach_mips6000 6000 -#define bfd_mach_mips7000 7000 -#define bfd_mach_mips8000 8000 -#define bfd_mach_mips9000 9000 -#define bfd_mach_mips10000 10000 -#define bfd_mach_mips12000 12000 -#define bfd_mach_mips14000 14000 -#define bfd_mach_mips16000 16000 -#define bfd_mach_mips16 16 -#define bfd_mach_mips5 5 -#define bfd_mach_mips_loongson_2e 3001 -#define bfd_mach_mips_loongson_2f 3002 -#define bfd_mach_mips_loongson_3a 3003 -#define bfd_mach_mips_sb1 12310201 /* octal 'SB', 01 */ -#define bfd_mach_mips_octeon 6501 -#define bfd_mach_mips_octeonp 6601 -#define bfd_mach_mips_octeon2 6502 -#define bfd_mach_mips_xlr 887682 /* decimal 'XLR' */ -#define bfd_mach_mipsisa32 32 -#define bfd_mach_mipsisa32r2 33 -#define bfd_mach_mipsisa64 64 -#define bfd_mach_mipsisa64r2 65 -#define bfd_mach_mips_micromips 96 - bfd_arch_i386, /* Intel 386 */ -#define bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax (1 << 0) -#define bfd_mach_i386_i8086 (1 << 1) -#define bfd_mach_i386_i386 (1 << 2) -#define bfd_mach_x86_64 (1 << 3) -#define bfd_mach_x64_32 (1 << 4) -#define bfd_mach_i386_i386_intel_syntax (bfd_mach_i386_i386 | bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax) -#define bfd_mach_x86_64_intel_syntax (bfd_mach_x86_64 | bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax) -#define bfd_mach_x64_32_intel_syntax (bfd_mach_x64_32 | bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax) - bfd_arch_l1om, /* Intel L1OM */ -#define bfd_mach_l1om (1 << 5) -#define bfd_mach_l1om_intel_syntax (bfd_mach_l1om | bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax) - bfd_arch_k1om, /* Intel K1OM */ -#define bfd_mach_k1om (1 << 6) -#define bfd_mach_k1om_intel_syntax (bfd_mach_k1om | bfd_mach_i386_intel_syntax) -#define bfd_mach_i386_nacl (1 << 7) -#define bfd_mach_i386_i386_nacl (bfd_mach_i386_i386 | bfd_mach_i386_nacl) -#define bfd_mach_x86_64_nacl (bfd_mach_x86_64 | bfd_mach_i386_nacl) -#define bfd_mach_x64_32_nacl (bfd_mach_x64_32 | bfd_mach_i386_nacl) - bfd_arch_we32k, /* AT&T WE32xxx */ - bfd_arch_tahoe, /* CCI/Harris Tahoe */ - bfd_arch_i860, /* Intel 860 */ - bfd_arch_i370, /* IBM 360/370 Mainframes */ - bfd_arch_romp, /* IBM ROMP PC/RT */ - bfd_arch_convex, /* Convex */ - bfd_arch_m88k, /* Motorola 88xxx */ - bfd_arch_m98k, /* Motorola 98xxx */ - bfd_arch_pyramid, /* Pyramid Technology */ - bfd_arch_h8300, /* Renesas H8/300 (formerly Hitachi H8/300) */ -#define bfd_mach_h8300 1 -#define bfd_mach_h8300h 2 -#define bfd_mach_h8300s 3 -#define bfd_mach_h8300hn 4 -#define bfd_mach_h8300sn 5 -#define bfd_mach_h8300sx 6 -#define bfd_mach_h8300sxn 7 - bfd_arch_pdp11, /* DEC PDP-11 */ - bfd_arch_plugin, - bfd_arch_powerpc, /* PowerPC */ -#define bfd_mach_ppc 32 -#define bfd_mach_ppc64 64 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_403 403 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_403gc 4030 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_405 405 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_505 505 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_601 601 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_602 602 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_603 603 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_ec603e 6031 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_604 604 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_620 620 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_630 630 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_750 750 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_860 860 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_a35 35 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_rs64ii 642 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_rs64iii 643 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_7400 7400 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_e500 500 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_e500mc 5001 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_e500mc64 5005 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_e5500 5006 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_e6500 5007 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_titan 83 -#define bfd_mach_ppc_vle 84 - bfd_arch_rs6000, /* IBM RS/6000 */ -#define bfd_mach_rs6k 6000 -#define bfd_mach_rs6k_rs1 6001 -#define bfd_mach_rs6k_rsc 6003 -#define bfd_mach_rs6k_rs2 6002 - bfd_arch_hppa, /* HP PA RISC */ -#define bfd_mach_hppa10 10 -#define bfd_mach_hppa11 11 -#define bfd_mach_hppa20 20 -#define bfd_mach_hppa20w 25 - bfd_arch_d10v, /* Mitsubishi D10V */ -#define bfd_mach_d10v 1 -#define bfd_mach_d10v_ts2 2 -#define bfd_mach_d10v_ts3 3 - bfd_arch_d30v, /* Mitsubishi D30V */ - bfd_arch_dlx, /* DLX */ - bfd_arch_m68hc11, /* Motorola 68HC11 */ - bfd_arch_m68hc12, /* Motorola 68HC12 */ -#define bfd_mach_m6812_default 0 -#define bfd_mach_m6812 1 -#define bfd_mach_m6812s 2 - bfd_arch_m9s12x, /* Freescale S12X */ - bfd_arch_m9s12xg, /* Freescale XGATE */ - bfd_arch_z8k, /* Zilog Z8000 */ -#define bfd_mach_z8001 1 -#define bfd_mach_z8002 2 - bfd_arch_h8500, /* Renesas H8/500 (formerly Hitachi H8/500) */ - bfd_arch_sh, /* Renesas / SuperH SH (formerly Hitachi SH) */ -#define bfd_mach_sh 1 -#define bfd_mach_sh2 0x20 -#define bfd_mach_sh_dsp 0x2d -#define bfd_mach_sh2a 0x2a -#define bfd_mach_sh2a_nofpu 0x2b -#define bfd_mach_sh2a_nofpu_or_sh4_nommu_nofpu 0x2a1 -#define bfd_mach_sh2a_nofpu_or_sh3_nommu 0x2a2 -#define bfd_mach_sh2a_or_sh4 0x2a3 -#define bfd_mach_sh2a_or_sh3e 0x2a4 -#define bfd_mach_sh2e 0x2e -#define bfd_mach_sh3 0x30 -#define bfd_mach_sh3_nommu 0x31 -#define bfd_mach_sh3_dsp 0x3d -#define bfd_mach_sh3e 0x3e -#define bfd_mach_sh4 0x40 -#define bfd_mach_sh4_nofpu 0x41 -#define bfd_mach_sh4_nommu_nofpu 0x42 -#define bfd_mach_sh4a 0x4a -#define bfd_mach_sh4a_nofpu 0x4b -#define bfd_mach_sh4al_dsp 0x4d -#define bfd_mach_sh5 0x50 - bfd_arch_alpha, /* Dec Alpha */ -#define bfd_mach_alpha_ev4 0x10 -#define bfd_mach_alpha_ev5 0x20 -#define bfd_mach_alpha_ev6 0x30 - bfd_arch_arm, /* Advanced Risc Machines ARM. */ -#define bfd_mach_arm_unknown 0 -#define bfd_mach_arm_2 1 -#define bfd_mach_arm_2a 2 -#define bfd_mach_arm_3 3 -#define bfd_mach_arm_3M 4 -#define bfd_mach_arm_4 5 -#define bfd_mach_arm_4T 6 -#define bfd_mach_arm_5 7 -#define bfd_mach_arm_5T 8 -#define bfd_mach_arm_5TE 9 -#define bfd_mach_arm_XScale 10 -#define bfd_mach_arm_ep9312 11 -#define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt 12 -#define bfd_mach_arm_iWMMXt2 13 - bfd_arch_ns32k, /* National Semiconductors ns32000 */ - bfd_arch_w65, /* WDC 65816 */ - bfd_arch_tic30, /* Texas Instruments TMS320C30 */ - bfd_arch_tic4x, /* Texas Instruments TMS320C3X/4X */ -#define bfd_mach_tic3x 30 -#define bfd_mach_tic4x 40 - bfd_arch_tic54x, /* Texas Instruments TMS320C54X */ - bfd_arch_tic6x, /* Texas Instruments TMS320C6X */ - bfd_arch_tic80, /* TI TMS320c80 (MVP) */ - bfd_arch_v850, /* NEC V850 */ - bfd_arch_v850_rh850,/* NEC V850 (using RH850 ABI) */ -#define bfd_mach_v850 1 -#define bfd_mach_v850e 'E' -#define bfd_mach_v850e1 '1' -#define bfd_mach_v850e2 0x4532 -#define bfd_mach_v850e2v3 0x45325633 -#define bfd_mach_v850e3v5 0x45335635 /* ('E'|'3'|'V'|'5') */ - bfd_arch_arc, /* ARC Cores */ -#define bfd_mach_arc_5 5 -#define bfd_mach_arc_6 6 -#define bfd_mach_arc_7 7 -#define bfd_mach_arc_8 8 - bfd_arch_m32c, /* Renesas M16C/M32C. */ -#define bfd_mach_m16c 0x75 -#define bfd_mach_m32c 0x78 - bfd_arch_m32r, /* Renesas M32R (formerly Mitsubishi M32R/D) */ -#define bfd_mach_m32r 1 /* For backwards compatibility. */ -#define bfd_mach_m32rx 'x' -#define bfd_mach_m32r2 '2' - bfd_arch_mn10200, /* Matsushita MN10200 */ - bfd_arch_mn10300, /* Matsushita MN10300 */ -#define bfd_mach_mn10300 300 -#define bfd_mach_am33 330 -#define bfd_mach_am33_2 332 - bfd_arch_fr30, -#define bfd_mach_fr30 0x46523330 - bfd_arch_frv, -#define bfd_mach_frv 1 -#define bfd_mach_frvsimple 2 -#define bfd_mach_fr300 300 -#define bfd_mach_fr400 400 -#define bfd_mach_fr450 450 -#define bfd_mach_frvtomcat 499 /* fr500 prototype */ -#define bfd_mach_fr500 500 -#define bfd_mach_fr550 550 - bfd_arch_moxie, /* The moxie processor */ -#define bfd_mach_moxie 1 - bfd_arch_mcore, - bfd_arch_mep, -#define bfd_mach_mep 1 -#define bfd_mach_mep_h1 0x6831 -#define bfd_mach_mep_c5 0x6335 - bfd_arch_metag, -#define bfd_mach_metag 1 - bfd_arch_ia64, /* HP/Intel ia64 */ -#define bfd_mach_ia64_elf64 64 -#define bfd_mach_ia64_elf32 32 - bfd_arch_ip2k, /* Ubicom IP2K microcontrollers. */ -#define bfd_mach_ip2022 1 -#define bfd_mach_ip2022ext 2 - bfd_arch_iq2000, /* Vitesse IQ2000. */ -#define bfd_mach_iq2000 1 -#define bfd_mach_iq10 2 - bfd_arch_epiphany, /* Adapteva EPIPHANY */ -#define bfd_mach_epiphany16 1 -#define bfd_mach_epiphany32 2 - bfd_arch_mt, -#define bfd_mach_ms1 1 -#define bfd_mach_mrisc2 2 -#define bfd_mach_ms2 3 - bfd_arch_pj, - bfd_arch_avr, /* Atmel AVR microcontrollers. */ -#define bfd_mach_avr1 1 -#define bfd_mach_avr2 2 -#define bfd_mach_avr25 25 -#define bfd_mach_avr3 3 -#define bfd_mach_avr31 31 -#define bfd_mach_avr35 35 -#define bfd_mach_avr4 4 -#define bfd_mach_avr5 5 -#define bfd_mach_avr51 51 -#define bfd_mach_avr6 6 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega1 101 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega2 102 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega3 103 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega4 104 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega5 105 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega6 106 -#define bfd_mach_avrxmega7 107 - bfd_arch_bfin, /* ADI Blackfin */ -#define bfd_mach_bfin 1 - bfd_arch_cr16, /* National Semiconductor CompactRISC (ie CR16). */ -#define bfd_mach_cr16 1 - bfd_arch_cr16c, /* National Semiconductor CompactRISC. */ -#define bfd_mach_cr16c 1 - bfd_arch_crx, /* National Semiconductor CRX. */ -#define bfd_mach_crx 1 - bfd_arch_cris, /* Axis CRIS */ -#define bfd_mach_cris_v0_v10 255 -#define bfd_mach_cris_v32 32 -#define bfd_mach_cris_v10_v32 1032 - bfd_arch_rl78, -#define bfd_mach_rl78 0x75 - bfd_arch_rx, /* Renesas RX. */ -#define bfd_mach_rx 0x75 - bfd_arch_s390, /* IBM s390 */ -#define bfd_mach_s390_31 31 -#define bfd_mach_s390_64 64 - bfd_arch_score, /* Sunplus score */ -#define bfd_mach_score3 3 -#define bfd_mach_score7 7 - bfd_arch_openrisc, /* OpenRISC */ - bfd_arch_mmix, /* Donald Knuth's educational processor. */ - bfd_arch_xstormy16, -#define bfd_mach_xstormy16 1 - bfd_arch_msp430, /* Texas Instruments MSP430 architecture. */ -#define bfd_mach_msp11 11 -#define bfd_mach_msp110 110 -#define bfd_mach_msp12 12 -#define bfd_mach_msp13 13 -#define bfd_mach_msp14 14 -#define bfd_mach_msp15 15 -#define bfd_mach_msp16 16 -#define bfd_mach_msp20 20 -#define bfd_mach_msp21 21 -#define bfd_mach_msp22 22 -#define bfd_mach_msp23 23 -#define bfd_mach_msp24 24 -#define bfd_mach_msp26 26 -#define bfd_mach_msp31 31 -#define bfd_mach_msp32 32 -#define bfd_mach_msp33 33 -#define bfd_mach_msp41 41 -#define bfd_mach_msp42 42 -#define bfd_mach_msp43 43 -#define bfd_mach_msp44 44 -#define bfd_mach_msp430x 45 -#define bfd_mach_msp46 46 -#define bfd_mach_msp47 47 -#define bfd_mach_msp54 54 - bfd_arch_xc16x, /* Infineon's XC16X Series. */ -#define bfd_mach_xc16x 1 -#define bfd_mach_xc16xl 2 -#define bfd_mach_xc16xs 3 - bfd_arch_xgate, /* Freescale XGATE */ -#define bfd_mach_xgate 1 - bfd_arch_xtensa, /* Tensilica's Xtensa cores. */ -#define bfd_mach_xtensa 1 - bfd_arch_z80, -#define bfd_mach_z80strict 1 /* No undocumented opcodes. */ -#define bfd_mach_z80 3 /* With ixl, ixh, iyl, and iyh. */ -#define bfd_mach_z80full 7 /* All undocumented instructions. */ -#define bfd_mach_r800 11 /* R800: successor with multiplication. */ - bfd_arch_lm32, /* Lattice Mico32 */ -#define bfd_mach_lm32 1 - bfd_arch_microblaze,/* Xilinx MicroBlaze. */ - bfd_arch_tilepro, /* Tilera TILEPro */ - bfd_arch_tilegx, /* Tilera TILE-Gx */ -#define bfd_mach_tilepro 1 -#define bfd_mach_tilegx 1 -#define bfd_mach_tilegx32 2 - bfd_arch_aarch64, /* AArch64 */ -#define bfd_mach_aarch64 0 -#define bfd_mach_aarch64_ilp32 32 - bfd_arch_nios2, -#define bfd_mach_nios2 0 - bfd_arch_last - @}; -@end example - -@subsection bfd_arch_info - - -@strong{Description}@* -This structure contains information on architectures for use -within BFD. -@example - -typedef struct bfd_arch_info -@{ - int bits_per_word; - int bits_per_address; - int bits_per_byte; - enum bfd_architecture arch; - unsigned long mach; - const char *arch_name; - const char *printable_name; - unsigned int section_align_power; - /* TRUE if this is the default machine for the architecture. - The default arch should be the first entry for an arch so that - all the entries for that arch can be accessed via @code{next}. */ - bfd_boolean the_default; - const struct bfd_arch_info * (*compatible) - (const struct bfd_arch_info *a, const struct bfd_arch_info *b); - - bfd_boolean (*scan) (const struct bfd_arch_info *, const char *); - - /* Allocate via bfd_malloc and return a fill buffer of size COUNT. If - IS_BIGENDIAN is TRUE, the order of bytes is big endian. If CODE is - TRUE, the buffer contains code. */ - void *(*fill) (bfd_size_type count, bfd_boolean is_bigendian, - bfd_boolean code); - - const struct bfd_arch_info *next; -@} -bfd_arch_info_type; - -@end example - -@findex bfd_printable_name -@subsubsection @code{bfd_printable_name} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const char *bfd_printable_name (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return a printable string representing the architecture and machine -from the pointer to the architecture info structure. - -@findex bfd_scan_arch -@subsubsection @code{bfd_scan_arch} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_scan_arch (const char *string); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Figure out if BFD supports any cpu which could be described with -the name @var{string}. Return a pointer to an @code{arch_info} -structure if a machine is found, otherwise NULL. - -@findex bfd_arch_list -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_list} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const char **bfd_arch_list (void); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return a freshly malloced NULL-terminated vector of the names -of all the valid BFD architectures. Do not modify the names. - -@findex bfd_arch_get_compatible -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_get_compatible} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_arch_get_compatible - (const bfd *abfd, const bfd *bbfd, bfd_boolean accept_unknowns); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Determine whether two BFDs' architectures and machine types -are compatible. Calculates the lowest common denominator -between the two architectures and machine types implied by -the BFDs and returns a pointer to an @code{arch_info} structure -describing the compatible machine. - -@findex bfd_default_arch_struct -@subsubsection @code{bfd_default_arch_struct} -@strong{Description}@* -The @code{bfd_default_arch_struct} is an item of -@code{bfd_arch_info_type} which has been initialized to a fairly -generic state. A BFD starts life by pointing to this -structure, until the correct back end has determined the real -architecture of the file. -@example -extern const bfd_arch_info_type bfd_default_arch_struct; -@end example - -@findex bfd_set_arch_info -@subsubsection @code{bfd_set_arch_info} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -void bfd_set_arch_info (bfd *abfd, const bfd_arch_info_type *arg); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Set the architecture info of @var{abfd} to @var{arg}. - -@findex bfd_default_set_arch_mach -@subsubsection @code{bfd_default_set_arch_mach} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean bfd_default_set_arch_mach - (bfd *abfd, enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long mach); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Set the architecture and machine type in BFD @var{abfd} -to @var{arch} and @var{mach}. Find the correct -pointer to a structure and insert it into the @code{arch_info} -pointer. - -@findex bfd_get_arch -@subsubsection @code{bfd_get_arch} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -enum bfd_architecture bfd_get_arch (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the enumerated type which describes the BFD @var{abfd}'s -architecture. - -@findex bfd_get_mach -@subsubsection @code{bfd_get_mach} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -unsigned long bfd_get_mach (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the long type which describes the BFD @var{abfd}'s -machine. - -@findex bfd_arch_bits_per_byte -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_bits_per_byte} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -unsigned int bfd_arch_bits_per_byte (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the number of bits in one of the BFD @var{abfd}'s -architecture's bytes. - -@findex bfd_arch_bits_per_address -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_bits_per_address} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -unsigned int bfd_arch_bits_per_address (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the number of bits in one of the BFD @var{abfd}'s -architecture's addresses. - -@findex bfd_default_compatible -@subsubsection @code{bfd_default_compatible} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_default_compatible - (const bfd_arch_info_type *a, const bfd_arch_info_type *b); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -The default function for testing for compatibility. - -@findex bfd_default_scan -@subsubsection @code{bfd_default_scan} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -bfd_boolean bfd_default_scan - (const struct bfd_arch_info *info, const char *string); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -The default function for working out whether this is an -architecture hit and a machine hit. - -@findex bfd_get_arch_info -@subsubsection @code{bfd_get_arch_info} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_get_arch_info (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the architecture info struct in @var{abfd}. - -@findex bfd_lookup_arch -@subsubsection @code{bfd_lookup_arch} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const bfd_arch_info_type *bfd_lookup_arch - (enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Look for the architecture info structure which matches the -arguments @var{arch} and @var{machine}. A machine of 0 matches the -machine/architecture structure which marks itself as the -default. - -@findex bfd_printable_arch_mach -@subsubsection @code{bfd_printable_arch_mach} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -const char *bfd_printable_arch_mach - (enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return a printable string representing the architecture and -machine type. - -This routine is depreciated. - -@findex bfd_octets_per_byte -@subsubsection @code{bfd_octets_per_byte} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -unsigned int bfd_octets_per_byte (bfd *abfd); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Return the number of octets (8-bit quantities) per target byte -(minimum addressable unit). In most cases, this will be one, but some -DSP targets have 16, 32, or even 48 bits per byte. - -@findex bfd_arch_mach_octets_per_byte -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_mach_octets_per_byte} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -unsigned int bfd_arch_mach_octets_per_byte - (enum bfd_architecture arch, unsigned long machine); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -See bfd_octets_per_byte. - -This routine is provided for those cases where a bfd * is not -available - -@findex bfd_arch_default_fill -@subsubsection @code{bfd_arch_default_fill} -@strong{Synopsis} -@example -void *bfd_arch_default_fill (bfd_size_type count, - bfd_boolean is_bigendian, - bfd_boolean code); -@end example -@strong{Description}@* -Allocate via bfd_malloc and return a fill buffer of size COUNT. -If IS_BIGENDIAN is TRUE, the order of bytes is big endian. If -CODE is TRUE, the buffer contains code. - diff -Nur binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/bfd.info binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/bfd.info --- binutils-2.24.orig/bfd/doc/bfd.info 2013-12-02 10:32:19.000000000 +0100 +++ binutils-2.24/bfd/doc/bfd.info 1970-01-01 01:00:00.000000000 +0100 @@ -1,13242 +0,0 @@ -This is bfd.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from bfd.texinfo. - -INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development -START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* Bfd: (bfd). The Binary File Descriptor library. -END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - - This file documents the BFD library. - - Copyright (C) 1991 - 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document -under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or -any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the -Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "Funding Free -Software", the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with the -Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is -included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". - - (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is: - - A GNU Manual - - (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: - - You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU -software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise -funds for GNU development. - - -File: bfd.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) - - This file documents the binary file descriptor library libbfd. - -* Menu: - -* Overview:: Overview of BFD -* BFD front end:: BFD front end -* BFD back ends:: BFD back ends -* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License -* BFD Index:: BFD Index - - -File: bfd.info, Node: Overview, Next: BFD front end, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -1 Introduction -************** - -BFD is a package which allows applications to use the same routines to -operate on object files whatever the object file format. A new object -file format can be supported simply by creating a new BFD back end and -adding it to the library. - - BFD is split into two parts: the front end, and the back ends (one -for each object file format). - * The front end of BFD provides the interface to the user. It manages - memory and various canonical data structures. The front end also - decides which back end to use and when to call back end routines. - - * The back ends provide BFD its view of the real world. Each back - end provides a set of calls which the BFD front end can use to - maintain its canonical form. The back ends also may keep around - information for their own use, for greater efficiency. - -* Menu: - -* History:: History -* How It Works:: How It Works -* What BFD Version 2 Can Do:: What BFD Version 2 Can Do - - -File: bfd.info, Node: History, Next: How It Works, Prev: Overview, Up: Overview - -1.1 History -=========== - -One spur behind BFD was the desire, on the part of the GNU 960 team at -Intel Oregon, for interoperability of applications on their COFF and -b.out file formats. Cygnus was providing GNU support for the team, and -was contracted to provide the required functionality. - - The name came from a conversation David Wallace was having with -Richard Stallman about the library: RMS said that it would be quite -hard--David said "BFD". Stallman was right, but the name stuck. - - At the same time, Ready Systems wanted much the same thing, but for -different object file formats: IEEE-695, Oasys, Srecords, a.out and 68k -coff. - - BFD was first implemented by members of Cygnus Support; Steve -Chamberlain (`sac@cygnus.com'), John Gilmore (`gnu@cygnus.com'), K. -Richard Pixley (`rich@cygnus.com') and David Henkel-Wallace -(`gumby@cygnus.com'). - - -File: bfd.info, Node: How It Works, Next: What BFD Version 2 Can Do, Prev: History, Up: Overview - -1.2 How To Use BFD -================== - -To use the library, include `bfd.h' and link with `libbfd.a'. - - BFD provides a common interface to the parts of an object file for a -calling application. - - When an application successfully opens a target file (object, -archive, or whatever), a pointer to an internal structure is returned. -This pointer points to a structure called `bfd', described in `bfd.h'. -Our convention is to call this pointer a BFD, and instances of it -within code `abfd'. All operations on the target object file are -applied as methods to the BFD. The mapping is defined within `bfd.h' -in a set of macros, all beginning with `bfd_' to reduce namespace -pollution. - - For example, this sequence does what you would probably expect: -return the number of sections in an object file attached to a BFD -`abfd'. - - #include "bfd.h" - - unsigned int number_of_sections (abfd) - bfd *abfd; - { - return bfd_count_sections (abfd); - } - - The abstraction used within BFD is that an object file has: - - * a header, - - * a number of sections containing raw data (*note Sections::), - - * a set of relocations (*note Relocations::), and - - * some symbol information (*note Symbols::). - Also, BFDs opened for archives have the additional attribute of an -index and contain subordinate BFDs. This approach is fine for a.out and -coff, but loses efficiency when applied to formats such as S-records and -IEEE-695. - - -File: bfd.info, Node: What BFD Version 2 Can Do, Prev: How It Works, Up: Overview - -1.3 What BFD Version 2 Can Do -============================= - -When an object file is opened, BFD subroutines automatically determine -the format of the input object file. They then build a descriptor in -memory with pointers to routines that will be used to access elements of -the object file's data structures. - - As different information from the object files is required, BFD -reads from different sections of the file and processes them. For -example, a very common operation for the linker is processing symbol -tables. Each BFD back end provides a routine for converting between -the object file's representation of symbols and an internal canonical -format. When the linker asks for the symbol table of an object file, it -calls through a memory pointer to the routine from the relevant BFD -back end which reads and converts the table into a canonical form. The -linker then operates upon the canonical form. When the link is finished -and the linker writes the output file's symbol table, another BFD back -end routine is called to take the newly created symbol table and -convert it into the chosen output format. - -* Menu: - -* BFD information loss:: Information Loss -* Canonical format:: The BFD canonical object-file format - - -File: bfd.info, Node: BFD information loss, Next: Canonical format, Up: What BFD Version 2 Can Do - -1.3.1 Information Loss ----------------------- - -_Information can be lost during output._ The output formats supported -by BFD do not provide identical facilities, and information which can -be described in one form has nowhere to go in another format. One -example of this is alignment information in `b.out'. There is nowhere -in an `a.out' format file to store alignment information on the -contained data, so when a file is linked from `b.out' and an `a.out' -image is produced, alignment information will not propagate to the -output file. (The linker will still use the alignment information -internally, so the link is performed correctly). - - Another example is COFF section names. COFF files may contain an -unlimited number of sections, each one with a textual section name. If -the target of the link is a format which does not have many sections -(e.g., `a.out') or has sections without names (e.g., the Oasys format), -the link cannot be done simply. You can circumvent this problem by -describing the desired input-to-output section mapping with the linker -command language. - - _Information can be lost during canonicalization._ The BFD internal -canonical form of the external formats is not exhaustive; there are -structures in input formats for which there is no direct representation -internally. This means that the BFD back ends cannot maintain all -possible data richness through the transformation between external to -internal and back to external formats. -